What process node is Rubin built on?	TSMC N3P — the high-performance refinement of N3, a FinFET node.
How many transistors does the Rubin package contain?	About 336 billion, across two dies on a single substrate.
What are the three dominant EDA companies?	Synopsys, Cadence, and Siemens EDA.
What language do engineers write to describe chip behavior at the RTL level?	Hardware description languages like SystemVerilog.
What does 'timing closure' mean in chip design?	Every signal must reach every destination within a single clock period, with margin for manufacturing variation.
How many lithography mask layers does a leading-edge chip require?	Perhaps eighty individual mask layers — one per lithography step.
What does a mask-making vendor pattern masks on?	Chrome on glass plates, using electron-beam lithography.
What is the key structural difference between a FinFET and a GAA nanosheet transistor?	A FinFET's gate wraps three sides of a vertical fin; a GAA gate wraps all four sides of each horizontal nanosheet.
Which TSMC node uses GAA nanosheet transistors?	N2 — the successor to N3P, not yet used by Rubin.
Why is the Rubin GPU die area close to the 'reticle limit'?	The reticle limit is the largest area a single EUV exposure can pattern at once; at roughly 800 mm², Rubin's die pushes that boundary.